× Auto Repair Pros Member Benefits TechHelp Knowledge Base Forums Resources My iATN Marketplace Chat Pricing About Us Join Industry Sponsors Video Members Only Repair Shops Auto Pro Careers Auto Pro Reviews
Join Now
International Automotive Technicians Network
Prev Professional Automotive Repair Technical Discussions for March 19, 2012
International Automotive Technicians' Network (iATN) - Members Only
Next
(Also Available: All, Asian, Chrysler, European, Ford, GM.)
Vehicle Owners: If you are seeking an automotive repair professional to service your vehicle, visit the iATN Repair Shop Finder.

Open Help Requests for All Makes and Models
Help Request Answers
2000 BMW 323i 2.5L Poor Idle Quality, MIL Lamp on VIN: WBAAM3345Y
Hello, I got this 2000 323i that I installed an engine in and am getting a misfire on cylinder 3 when cold.It runs very good once warmed up. I have swapped the coils and plugs and injectors, several times. Misfire always stays on number 3 and always when cold.... Trouble codes: P0303
View
2004 BMW 545i 4.4L Valve Covers VIN: WBANB33554
I've got rt side on and both upper timing cover gaskets on and the alternator bracket gasket done, now I can't seam to get the left on.I've lowered sub frame and don't seam to help.What do I need to do to get this drivers side,lt side valve cover back on? Than...
View
1996 Cadillac Seville SLS 4.6L Cooling Systems VIN: 1G6KS52Y3T
The cooling system appears to cool when running at highway speeds. During slow traffic periods, stop and go stuff, it will overheat unless the heater is on max heat. If I let the car sit and idle without the radiator cap installed, the coolant will percolate b...
View
1994 Chevrolet S10 Blazer Tahoe 4.3L Hesitation, Surge, Stall, Misfire VIN: 1GNDT13W2R
Car came in to the shop with a surge complaint,misfire.This is her daily driver surge,misfire happen she brought in same day.After verifying that i saw spark leaking from the aftermarket accel coil to the intake.Thought easy fix installed new ac delco coil,vec...
View
2004 Chevrolet Silverado 2500 HD 6.6L Stall VIN: 1GCHK23194
hey all duramax guys got a problem with what i think is a fuel problem. I got this vehicle in and the customer has stated that the truck would die and if he would put fuel in and prime the system it would restart. so we removed fuel filter and replaced the wif... Trouble codes: P0380
View
2004 Chevrolet Silverado 2500 6.0L Poor Idle Quality, MIL Lamp on VIN: 1GCHK23U34
Hi all Thanks for looking at this post, need some help. Replaced engine with used engine. old engine went till it wouldnt go no more. any way my problem. is I get a code u0107.( lost communication with accelrator control module). So I replaced the app sensor ... Trouble codes: U0107
View
2006 Chevrolet Cobalt SS 2.4L MIL Lamp on VIN: 1G1AM15BX6
Hello everyone, I'll get to the point. '06 Cobolt SS w/ 2.4L. M/T. Here is the challange I'm (we) are up against. When the clutch pedal is applied to switch gears the RPMs sky rocket to about 3200 rpms on this baby. I changed the clutch pedal switch with a GM ... Trouble codes: P0833 (Clutch pedal switch 2 circuit), P0106 (MAP/BARO pressure circuit out of range)
View
2006 Chrysler PT Cruiser 2.4L Compressor/Fans VIN: 3A4FY48B46
We have this PT Cruiser here that has a charge in the A/C system, however the radiator fans and a/c compressor do not come on. I have run the RAD Fan relay test with my Solus Pro scanner, and the relays are working, however, there is no power going to the fan....
View
2008 Chrysler Town & Country LX 3.3L Hesitation, Cuts out, Stall, MIL Lamp on
I did a tune up ( new plugs and wires) and replaced the battery. The van ran fine on a short test drive but the customer called me back an hour later with the above listed conditions. I rechecked my work and everything looks fine, cleared the codes and test dr... Trouble codes: P0339, P0300, P1128
View
2002 Dodge Ram 2500 5.9L Governor pressure VIN: 3B7KC26ZX2
Vehicle came in not shifting. Typical P0748 code. (I service a fleet of these). Test drove to confirm, found no reaction on data stream for governor pressure. Dropped pan to change solenoid, found piece of broken waved snap ring from OD section in pan. Told cu...
View
2002 Dodge Ram 1500 Van 3.9L Excessive Emissions, Poor Idle Quality, Misfire VIN: 2B7HB11X92
I am trying to get this vehicle to pass CA smog. It has new ignition parts, good compression, I have swapped the injectors around, smoke test ect. The truck runs fine except at idle it devolopes a rough idle and sets missfire codes on multiple cylinders. Thank... Trouble codes: P0306 (Miss cyl 6), P0303 (Miss cyl 3), P0300 (Missfire random cylinders)
View
2008 Dodge Caliber SXT 2.0L No Start VIN: 1B3HB48B38
There was 15 codes stored in the PCM and 4 stored in the abs computer.These codes were erased after first visit.They returned when engine would not start.Towed to shop and all is normal except for the 19 codes stored for a second time.Same codes as before.I cl... Trouble codes: U0001, U110E, U110C, U0402, U1110, U1113
View
1998 Ford Taurus LX 3.0L fuel pump VIN: 1FAFP52SXW
hi all, this is a taurus with a strange fuel pump. it will run fin good fuel pressure untill it is shut off warm . then when you go to start it again the fuel pump will not run. simple right?it needs a pump... but after it sits for an hour or two it will run f...
View
1998 Ford Windstar GL 3.8L Cuts out, Stall, MIL Lamp on VIN: 2FMZA5142W
98 windstar 3.8 looses fuel pressure after first 10mins of running fine from cold .Then loses fuel pressure and sputters until the engine stalls -then will start right up and run fine again for a few minutes and then start sputtering to stall all over again i...
View
1999 Ford Escort ZX2 Hot Coupe 2.0L Serpentine Belt tensioner VIN: 3FAKP1136X
Replaced the broken serpentine belt tensioner at 106,000 miles,returned with broken serpentine tensioner again.All pulleys rotate freely with no apparent binding.Any suggestions?
View
2000 Ford F-150 Lariat 5.4L MIL Lamp on VIN: 1FTRX18LXY
Strange, starnge. Hello all iATN members. '00 F-150 W/5.4, A/T. I got this issue with this ford that got me scrating my head. Trouble codes P0135, P0141, P0155 & P0161, all are H02S circuit fault. On the wiring diag gram shows 2 separate fuses for the heaters,... Trouble codes: P0135 (H02S heater circuit fault), P0141 (same), P0155 (same), P0161 (same)
View
2000 Ford Windstar SE 3.8L Abs VIN: 2FMZA5246Y
First I need some information, DTC 1103 Hydraulic brake switch failure; ALLDATA is very vague in what that is. Is it the master cylinder switch that fails on the rest of ford family on a regular basis? If so it has the updated harness etc on it. Second, the le...
View
2004 Ford F-550 Super Duty Lariat 6.0L Hesitation VIN: 1FDAF56P44
cust just purchased this truck. on his 600 mile trip home he had the low fuel light come on and no throttle response 4 or 5 times for about 5 sec. each time. after the light went off all was fine. have driven about 100 miles myself has not done it for me. hopi... Trouble codes: P0471, P0478
View
2005 Ford F-250 Super Duty Lariat 5.4L engine VIN: 1FTSX21565
vehicle drives fine hot and cold, does have a slight shudder once and a while. When you kick it into passing gear it bogs down check engine light flashes and PO300 comes up. turn key off start up no code and truck runs fine untill you go into kickdown, anyhelp...
View
2006 Ford F-450 Super Duty XLT 6.0L Drivetrain VIN: 1FDXF46P66
This truck has a vibration when driven above 40 mph and the speed is maintained. If coasting, the vibration stops. This vibration is severe enough to cause the mirrors to shake. The driveshaft was removed for inspection but the differential and axles were not ...
View
2006 Ford Freestar Limited 4.2L Poor Idle Quality, Misfire VIN: 2FMZA57246
ok this one came in running badly customer asked for a tune up. boss said to go deeper. i did . the customer had erased the codes but i managed to get a p0352. runs like shit, misfires but there is no monitor in my old red brick for it. i checked the coil and ...
View
2003 GMC Sierra 2500 HD SLE 6.6L no acceleration VIN: 1GTHK29153
This truck will sometimes have no acceleration or reduced power. Has code p2133 for pedal sensor three high voltage. Pedal has been changed with new gm unit. No change in problem. Customer has said truck has been programed with EFI Live tuning. I am going to r... Trouble codes: P2133
View
2007 GMC Sierra 1500 Classic SL 4.3L Safety VIN: 3GTEC14X57
Hey guys thanx in advance.i have a 2007 gmc sieera 1500 with the mil on with a po128.no prob there needs t-stat.i also have an abs lightt on.here is my delema.only my generic handheld can communicate with pcm and abs controllers.tech2 , vedis2 , and genesys wi...
View
1997 Honda Civic DX 1.6L compression VIN: 2HGEJ662XV
Hi Everyone, Customer has 97 Civic, Claim to be loosing 1-2qt oil between changes. Exhaust shows black and sooty but not real oily, Only 20# Compression on #1 and runs like it as well, all others are good. Performed leak down test and shows good with less than...
View
2003 Hyundai Elantra GLS 2.0L continous monitor VIN: KMHDN45DX3
I have a question about the continous monitor on this car, mifire show ready,fuel show not ready,ccm show ready. I never seen a continous monitor show not ready, whats causing that? Any ideas... First time seen this symton and I dont even know where to begin. ... Trouble codes: P0010, P0077
View
1996 Jaguar XJR 4.0L No Start VIN: SAJPX1147T
i have a 96 jag xjr 4 liter no start no spark or injector pluse. the only wire that is hot is one of the coil wire. injector wires are dead fuses are good have replaced the cam sensor any help out their
View
1998 Jeep Grand Cherokee Laredo 5.2L quadtrac VIN: 1J4GZ48Y6W
Truck has binding all time 4x4 drive train on turns, as they all do at some point. I have always changed the t/case or viscous coupler and had no problems. This is now an older vehicle. The viscous coupler is still alot of $$$. I elected to do used trans case ...
View
2001 Jeep Grand Cherokee Limited 4.7L abs VIN: 1J4GW58N11
Thank You in Advance!!! This Jeep came in with a very soft brake pedal. Technician sold a Master cylinder and rear brake job. Pedal is still soft. Have pressure bled system completely , if you clamp off the brake hose on EITHER front caliper (ONE AT A TIME) th...
View
2000 Lincoln LS 3.0L MIL Lamp on VIN: 1LNHM86S7Y
thanx in advance for any help. I have this ls that sets code p1565. Alldata is not too specific on what i'm going after. I have an open circuit that is supposed to have resistance acoording to test procedure. I am not sure what this code means or what system I... Trouble codes: P1565
View
2000 Lincoln LS 3.0L MIL Lamp on VIN: 1LNHM86S7Y
thanx in advance for any help. I have this ls that sets code p1565. Alldata is not too specific on what i'm going after. I have an open circuit that is supposed to have resistance acoording to test procedure. I am not sure what this code means or what system I... Trouble codes: P1565
View
1999 Mazda Protege DX 1.6L Accessories VIN: JM1BJ222XX
Hello all of you car audio\ alarm experts, looking for a little info here: this Mazda is the vehicle I have in the shop, but the question is actually generic... I was wondering if the wiring harnesses & terminal pin locations on remote car starters are standar...
View
2003 Mazda MPV ES 3.0L low engine vacuum VIN: JM3LW28A13
hey guys got a mazda van in here with a rough idle/check engine light. seems to run fine under load. has bank 1 and 2 lean codes and cat efficiency bank 2. the bank 2 cat is glowing red after just a few minutes of idling. 10" of vacuum at idle... first thing ...
View
2001 Mercedes-Benz C320 3.2L Stall VIN: WDBRF64J21
Throttle will not respond at times hot or cold. I performed relearn on throttle which did not fix problem, no codes being set even after 3 days of driving. When monitoring accelerator pedal position sensor outputs with scope no glitches detected when problem o...
View
2000 Mercury Grand Marquis LS 4.6L blend door VIN: 2MEFM75W8Y
No cold air from vents, only heat. Confirmed AC is working, pipes are cold under the hood. Fan works, but blows hot air only. removed blend door actuator, manually moved blend door- cold air now blows thru vents. But, even replacement blend door does not work....
View
1998 Nissan 200SX 1.6L No Start VIN: 1N4AB42D0W
Hopefuly theres a nissan tech to help.customer was driving along and the car quit.not a hesitation,noise nothing car died.i have checked the normal stuff.no codes.good spark,fuel and inj.pulse ok.i even tryed starter fluid and not a pop or a fart.so im thinkin...
View
2001 Oldsmobile Bravada 4.3L Transfercase VIN: 1GHDT13W71
Thanks for any help with this problem. This is a one speed automatic transfer case. When backing up at a slow speed,like a parking lot manuver, with the steering wheel turned the smart track transfercase locks the front axle and the front wheels bind. The prob...
View
1999 Porsche Boxster 2.5L MIL Lamp on VIN: WP0CA2988X
Hello Everybody, Thanks in advance for any help! 99 Porsche Boxster, 2.5L. Car was at another shop before I got it, ECM was rebuilt with same problem. With Durametric scanner, Porsche code 95, and 96, shut off valve activated. OBDII codes P0446-Evap vent cont...
View
2006 Subaru Forester X 2.5L slight misfire intermittent VIN: JF1SG63606
Vehicle brought in for timing belt. 2 weeks later, customer came back and said vehiclescheck engine sometime flashes (p0304). Have taken apart 3 times and checked timing marks.Dead on. I have even counted teeth in relationship to crank mark. Still does it inte...
View
2000 Toyota Celica GTS 1.8L unknown VIN: JTDDY32T5Y
Hey guys I have a strange one here. The car came in with a whining type of noise mostly cold, it gets better when the car is warm. The sound I am hearing is almost identical to a dry power steering pump or power steering system with air in it. I removed all dr...
View
2009 Toyota Prius Touring 1.5L Starting VIN: JTDKB20U39
Can someone tell me at what CCA rating to test the small 12V battery at. I'm pretty sure I'm going to need a battery cause there is water in only 2 of the batt. cells and I'm only getting 5 volts before charge.
View
2001 Volkswagen Golf GL 2.0L No Communication VIN: 9BWBT61J71
So, I can't seem to find any reason why I lost CAN network on this vehicle. There was about a week of sitting before I got a used PCM to install due to shipping times. Any help would be appreciated. I will check back frequently if any clarification is needed... Trouble codes: 01314 (Instrument Cluster No communication with PCM)
View
2002 Volkswagen Beetle Sport 1.8L engine VIN: 3VWED21C32
car drove to shop replaced battery after battery replacement cust came to pick up no start pulled fuel feed hose no fuel replaced pump cranks no start pulled feed hose again good fuel flow now checked injectior pulse good no spark found code no rpm signal repl...
View
1998 Volvo V70 X/C AWD 2.4L oil consumption VIN: YV1LZ5646W
Long history of oil usage. Started at another facility in conjunction with a head gasket change due to a broken timing belt tensioner. They had replaced valve seals and changed the turbo twice. We inspected with borescope determined wet pistons and replaced ri...
View
2000 Volvo S40 1.9L p0014 VIN: YV1VS2550Y
Hi there and help. I have this customer that is buried in a car that he should not have purchased and the light is on with a code P0014, for camshaft sensor stuck advanced. The customer has been told by a few people that these have oil pressure issues that can...
View

Fixes & Summaries for All Makes and Models
Fix/Summary Answers
2001 Audi S4 Avant 2.7L Hesitation, Misfire, MIL Lamp on VIN: WAURD68D31
Thanks everybody who respond, i start checking carefully for the pcv valve tubes and one plastic one was cracked, and replace the intake gaskets because there was some bolts loose and when i finish atarted the car, guess what, problem solved. Trouble codes: 17862 (Exhaust gas temp sensor short to ground p1454), 17521 (O2 Sensor B1 S1 internal resistance P1113), 17532 (O2 Sensor B1 S1 internal resistance P1131), 16684 (Random multiple misfire P300), P0302, P0305.
9
2005 Bentley Continental GT 6.0L oil level sensor VIN: SCBCR63W15
thank you for those who responded. car is fixed. all wires going to sensor was all ok with resistance values no more than 0.3 ohms. unplugging and plugging the instrument cluster must have reset itself.
4
1997 BMW 528i 2.8L MIL Lamp on VIN: WBADD6321V
The car passed emissions. Thanks every one, especially Chuck from FLA and Serge from Quebec. Chuck sent me some very helpful info regarding locations. What is very interesting is Serge was 100% right. The relay is good, fuse was bad. Big fuse under passenger ... Trouble codes: P4121, P1423.
10
2003 BMW Z4 2.5i 2.5L airbag VIN: 4USBT33433
being that we do dont have a scanner able to code this car we sent it down the road. We are looking into a pass thru or maybe the autologic, pricy. Thanks for all who replied. We would have went further but felt we would not really be able to get paid for ...
3
2005 BMW X5 3.0i 3.0L No Start VIN: 5UXFA13575
closing this under protest. customer has taken car and is making notes on problem. car does start most of the time and sometimes people like myself dont like to just guess and throw parts at the car. if we find any problem with parts we have no trouble replace...
12
1995 Cadillac Seville SLS 4.6L Stall, RPM limited VIN: 1G6KS52Y3S
To those of you that said "air trapped in system" you hit it on the head! Pulled small hose off at water pump area, cleaned the fitting, purged air & it's happy! Thanks again for the great responses IATN rocks!
6
2009 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LT 5.3L water temp gauge/IPC message center VIN: 3GCEC23J39
When I say the vehicle is FIXED that means it's working currently. I replaced the ECT sensor AFTER the problem went away on its' own during a fuel refill. I'm not taking credit for that. I changed the ECT because it was acting like an OPEN. That is to say ...
28
2001 Ford F-150 XL 4.2L No Start VIN: 1FTZX17281
Thanks for the replies we checked all power and grounds at the pcm everthing was ok. As i was checking it out i unplugged the maf sensor and it started up. Im not sure if it was a coincidence. Then i plugged it back in and it still starts everytime. We decided...
12
2001 Ford Focus ZX3 2.0L No Start VIN: 3FAFP31341
Two things fixed it. Number one and the real puzzler was no comm amongst the other modules. Did all the steps to check both networks. Pulled one at a time. Found that the ground to the cluster had 25 ohms from the cluster to the body. Cleaned all the grounds. ...
9
2003 Ford Explorer Sport XLS 4.0L Poor Idle Quality VIN: 1FMYU60E93
Well this one is fixed. We thought that it might be a timing chain issue and it was. Customer would return once a week and I would print the power balance. You could see cylinders 1, 2, 3 dropping off worse every week. Also I started to see the fuel trims go o...
27
2011 Ford F-150 XL 5.0L electronic steering VIN: 1FTFX1EF0B
ok heres the speil from local ford dealer. code refered to sccm (steering column control module) which in fact was not defective, the actually fix was the rack itself that for some reason if it is not unplugged will gear out when lifting or leveling new for...
7
2004 GMC Sierra 2500 HD SLE 6.6L No Start VIN: 1GTHK23264
complete removal of the aftermarket wiring for autostart was the fix for this truck.the code did not return and the r/o has not called back. how it has been explained to me is two processors talking to each other in different languages. Trouble codes: B1440, B2961, U1074, U0101.
4
2005 Honda Civic EX 1.7L lock cylinder VIN: 2HGES26785
My fellow technicians. First I would like to thank the 10 technicians who took their time to reply to my post. Your help was greatly appreciated...the fixed for this one was a new key and lock cylinder. the key that the customer was using it was a after market...
10
2004 Hyundai Sonata 2.4L Hesitation, Surge, Cuts out, Stall, Misfire VIN: KMHWF25S44
You guys are right. I had checked the belt and felt fine. I put the marks to top dead center and the belt has noticable slop. Pep boy just put a belt on it so its going back. Thank you IATN. Trouble codes: P0340.
4
2007 Hyundai Tucson GLS 2.0L overheating VIN: KM8JM12B67
First thanks to everyone taking the time to respond to help request. As I stated in notes ect was replaced and all circuits tested for continuity, tested ok. we replaced ecm with new unit and problem is now corrected. thanks for the help Trouble codes: P0125.
5
1996 Infiniti Q45 A 4.5L Abs VIN: JNKNG01DXT
I REPLACED BOTH ABS RELAYS AND LIGHT HAS YET TO COME BACK ON
5
2006 Lexus RX400h 3.3L Heater/Air Cond. VIN: JTJHW31U26
First of all I want to thank everybody who replied to this request. In my effort to train an up and coming electrical person I assigned this job to my technician. He did a great job with the cylinder however while reconnecting everything he bent a pin in one...
5
1999 Mercedes-Benz S420 4.2L rear seat belt VIN: WDBGA43G2X
Well the gods were smiling upon me this morning. I mounted it to the vehicle once again and the belt was able to extend. Don't know what the problem was but now it's working. Thanks to all for your advice. I wish I had a better answer but I don't.
10
2003 Mercedes-Benz C230 Kompressor 1.8L Noise VIN: WDBRN40J53
Customer decided to take to dealer because of low mileage hoping they would work with her. They diagnosed supercharger as being the noise. We replaced supercharger and noise is gone. Some suggestions were check clutch on alternator,A/C compressor & drive coupl...
7
2004 Nissan Quest SL 3.5L no start VIN: 5N1BV28U44
thanks to all that helped. ended up being the dealer told me it needed timing components and it wound up being both cam sensors. van runs good now. customer very upset with dealer.
14
2008 Nissan Altima 2.5L warning systems VIN: 1N4AL21E58
Sorry for the late reply. After much driving i finally decided that the codes seemed to all connect in some way to the instrument cluster. I was able to take the cluster out of the dash & put against my knee. One time while driving the lights & gauges went nu...
7
1994 Pontiac Grand Am SE 2.3L oil pressure VIN: 1G2NE1532R
Customer declined further repairs. I was too focused on the high oil pressure, which is a bit high I think, than the actual problem.Did a leak down test and found a blown gasket between 1 & 2. Some had mentioned the check valve in the cylinder head creating oi...
10
2009 Pontiac G3 1.6L Misfire, MIL Lamp on VIN: KL2TD66EX9
Hello everybody, sorry the response to this post is so late. I appreciate everybody's advice when it came to this tricky misfire. It turns out that I put new plugs in it to start as maintenance and one of the four i got was bad. It just so happened that i pu... Trouble codes: P0300 (Random Misfire).
6
1986 Porsche 928 S 5.0L Dash Board Lights VIN: WP0JB092XG
WE DID NOT REPAIR THE PROBLEM. WE THINK THE PROBLEM WAS IN THE WIRING AND THE FUSE BLOCK UNDERNEATH THE DASH ON THE PASSENGER SIDE. IT WAS ALL WET AND ALL THE TERMINALS WERE CORRODED. THE CUSTOMER DID NOT WANT TO PUT MORE MONEY INTO THE VEHICLE. THANKS FOR ALL...
7
2005 Subaru Outback XT 2.5L Surge VIN: 4S4BP67C05
Thanks for your input guys! I was aware of the flash for surge in hill country that most of you suggested, but my problem occurred all the time, on the flat as well as hills, so I didn't think the flash was on target. I found the previous shop had installed af...
6
2007 Subaru Outback XT Limited 2.5L Poor Idle Quality, Misfire VIN: 4S4BP63C07
Hello folks, Sorry for delayed posting but this POS is now all torn apart at the dealer and they claim it needs exhaust valves and "most likely" new piston rings for a high oil consumption concern. Only $6300 according to Suburu and claims he missed the 60...
4
2007 Toyota Corolla S 1.8L MIL Lamp on VIN: 2T1BR32E77
Thanks to all that responded. In answering some questions,(1) Yes i did replace the complete assembly with pump. (2) Yes i did blow out all vent hoses including filter. (3)The toytoa dealer said that there was an ecm update that was done two years ago.Currentl... Trouble codes: P043E, P043F, P2401 (Evap), P2402 (Evap), P2419 (Evap).
6
2002 Volkswagen Passat GLX 4 Motion 2.8L auto transaxle ?? VIN: WVWYH63B42
thanks for the help although the customer decided to drive it till it died . Aside from the scan and check for the converter inputs , I found the relationship to the wheel sensors and brake lite switch something I didn't know or thuoght to look at . Thanks aga...
5
1999 Volvo S70 2.4L abs VIN: YV1LS55A9X
THANX ALL THAT REPLIED.FOUND ABS CONTROL MODULE ORIGINALLY DEFECTIVE.FOUND REPLACEMENT WAS WRONG PART NUMBER.SEVER NUMBERS AVAILABLE. MUST MUST MATCH PART NUMBER FROM ONE REMOVED. DONE !
6
Prev (Also Available: All, Asian, Chrysler, European, Ford, GM.) Next