Automotive Technicians Technical Discussion and Fixes for May 26, 2006

Join Now

Prev	Professional Automotive Repair Technical Discussions for May 26, 2006 International Automotive Technicians' Network (iATN) - Members Only	Next
(Also Available: All, Asian, Chrysler, European, Ford, GM.)
Vehicle Owners: If you are seeking an automotive repair professional to service your vehicle, visit the iATN Repair Shop Finder.

Open Help Requests for All Makes and Models

	Help Request	Answers
	1987 Acura Integra LS Special Edition 1.6L Excessive Emissions VIN: JH4DA3353H hi everyone this acura is runing 7.1 % rich calculated by lambda , and failing a.s.m. map , coolant , fuel pressure , 02 e.c.t are testing good ,except map is .04 volt high at idle ( not off by much ) cat is not working well , but my question is , does acura r...	View
	2001 Audi A6 Quattro Avant 2.8L Upshifting VIN: WAULH64B71 Customer has complained of delayed and no upshifts when warm. This does not happen often enough to catch block values on Vag-Com. Checked Fixes, but no similar faults found. Could this be a trans speed sensor issue? Could the throttle switch kick down function...	View
	1989 BMW 635CSi 3.5L Transmission Jumps out of 4th gear VIN: WBAEC8419K Hi everyone i have a 1989 635csi the car has a electrical problem. First off the transmission jumps out of 4th gear when you turn on the turn signals on or step on the brake. The radio cuts out for a brief second and comes back on when you step on the brakes. ...	View
	1993 Cadillac DeVille 4.9L Block VIN: 1GCD53B6P4 We have this old cadillac that is leaking water between the transaxle and block. Is there a freeze plug on the back of the block or do we have a hole burned in the block?	View
	2001 Cadillac Seville SLS 4.6L Wheel Balance VIN: 1G6KS54Y01 Hello all, This Cadillac is a used vehicle we sold. It has a vibration at approx. 65 mph. Sometimes you can feel it in the steering wheel and then it will move to the seat. It has a harmonic feel to it, it comes and goes in waves. I balanced the tires (Hunter...	View
	1986 Chevrolet S10 2.8L Engine VIN: 1GCCT14R2G I hope somebody can help, at wits end. Engine vibrates badly at all RPM. Runs great other wise, no misses or backfiring, timing right on,good acceleration, no codes. I have changed the harmonic balancer and the flex plate twice,still the same. Have disconected...	View
	1990 Chevrolet K1500 Cheyenne 4.3L Misfire, VIN: 1GCDK14ZOL hello, i am showing a constant knock while watching data on a snap-on scanner. I tested the voltage signal going into the ECM from the ESC module and showed 9.04 volts, according to my specs the ESC should put out between 8-10 volts when there is no knock, mea...	View
	1992 Chevrolet Camaro RS 5.0L radiator fan VIN: 1G1FP23E6N Hi Guys! I need to inquire who would know what GM/AC Delco fan switch part numbers that I may use to actuate the radiator cooling fan at a lower temperature than this vehicle was designed for. I have this vehicle that runs so damn hot you can fry eggs under th...	View
	1995 Chevrolet Blazer 4.3L MIL Lamp on VIN: 1GNDT13W8S cust rep engine and sensors after getting codes from auto zone!!! "service engine soon" lite illuminates after two starts and stays on. auto xray sez veh not responding. checked data lines from computer to diag plug-continuity is good.pwr and gnds to computer ...	View
	1998 Chevrolet Camaro 3.8L ABS Module VIN: 2G1FP22KOW HELP Please!! Getting ready for to big race here in Indiana, if I could fix this Camaro ABS inop light it wouldn't be haunting me all weekend. ABS INOP light stays on all the time. No codes and no datastream. Checked all voltages (battery and ignition) and all...	View
	2000 Chevrolet Suburban 1500 LT 5.3L ac pressure VIN: 3GNFK16T8Y truck came in with major ac compressor lock up, replaced ac compressor, condensor, new reciever dryer, low side line to rear unit, and redesigned line from dryer to compressor. new low and high pressure switches. flushed all remaining lines, front and rear ev...	View
	2003 Chevrolet Trailblazer LS 4.2L Hesitation VIN: 1GKDT13S13 Hey guys,this is the booses accountants vehicle.Only after sitting overnight and driving within the first mile,he claims it falls on its face.Major hesitation to the point he has to play with the accelerator to clear it out.After that there is no problem for t...	View
	1993 Dodge B350 5.2L steering control VIN: 2B7KB31Z3R the front end is good on this vehicle everything is tight, the problem is that when you are driving this van it will drive a straight line but when steering wheel is moved from side to side while driving the rear end feels like it is drifting almost like swayi...	View
	2000 Dodge Dakota SLT 3.9L heater box VIN: 1B7GL2AXBY Hello every one, I have a dakota that has very low air flow out all the ducts. The hot/cold is working and all the shifting from vent to heater to defrost changes properly. The fan sounds good and the only thing is on high near the window base it almost feels ...	View
	2000 Dodge Ram 2500 5.9L No Start VIN: 3B7KF23691 i need to replace my gearbox and it is heavly oil coated so i pressure washed just in that area. started the truck let it idle for 5min. got on the freeway drove mabey 2 miles and the truck surged once drove 1 mile more then check engine came on and truck died Trouble codes: P0251, P0252, P0253, P1688, P1689	View
	2000 Dodge Neon ES 2.0L no start VIN: 1C3ES46C9Y Hi everyone, Car was towed in. Will not start.Does not have anti-theft system. There is no ground at starter motor relay#85 from pcm. All other circuits are working confirmed and tested twice. Any help would be appreciated- this is one of theose cars!!!	View
	2002 Dodge Intrepid SE 2.7L Surge, MIL Lamp on VIN: 2B3HD46R02 Vehicle came in with a check engine light and a surge at times 45+ mph. The vehicle would act like it was hitting a rev limiter under normal acceleration(entrance ramp). It would surge like that for 15-30 secs and stop. Drove the vehicle 18 miles on last test ... Trouble codes: P0344 (camshaft position sensor), P0016 (cam/crank not in sync)	View
	1991 Ford E-350 Econoline Club Wagon Custom 5.8L No Start, Poor Idle Quality, Poor Fuel Economy VIN: 1FTJE34H3M this one is the service writers girl freinds van. he said it would run when he shot carb cleaner to it, couldn't hear the in tank pump, so i installed one, my fault for not checking. i found no injector pulse during cranking on #7-8 , battery voltage on both t...	View
	1993 Ford F-250 XL 7.5L Low Pedal VIN: 2FTHF26G1P Thanks in advanced, This one came in due to customer had done a panic stop and complaned of low pedal. Upon inspection found the rear shoes @ 0/32 drums @ 12.010. Also during test drive the abs would chatter.After completing rear brakes and replaced the abs va...	View
	1997 Ford E-150 Econoline 4.2L Hesitation, Misfire VIN: 1234E5627V 1997 Ford E-150 Van came in today, customer complaint: Hesitation on acceleration from stop when engine is warm. I must say I have pulled my hair out on these vans (4.2l) before with these same problems. First off no codes in memory or during koeo or koer. I h...	View
	1998 Ford Taurus SE 3.0L battery VIN: 1FAFP52U6W I HAVE A 200mA DRAW. I TRACKED IT DOWN TO FUSE #27 IN THE UNDER DASH PANEL. THAT FUSE SUPPLIES THE BATTERY SAVER RELAY AND THE INTERIOR LIGHTS RELAY, THE DRAW GOES AWAY WHEN THE BATTERY SAVER RELAY IS REMOVED. I AM NOT SURE WHERE TO GO FROM HERE AS THE GEM MOD...	View
	1998 Ford Escort SE 2.0L Electronic VIN: 1FAFP13P8W This car came to my shop wanting the a/c fixed. The first thing i did was to hook the gages to the system. There was 85 psi on the low side so i started the car turned on a/c. The clutch never turned on. Then i checked the fuses all ok. The next thing i jumper...	View
	1999 Ford Taurus SHO 3.4L Pump VIN: 1FAFP54N5X OK gentleman, here is the complete process. Customer calls and asks if we can install a p/s pump he purchased for this car. Times were slow, so we committed to the job. We installed the Napa branded (A-1 Cardone) pump and still had the same whine as if the flu...	View
	2001 Ford Ranger Edge 3.0L won't pass reddiness VIN: 1FTZR15U21 Customer bought this vehicle a year ago at a used car dealer. It failed massachusetts state inspection because reddiness monitors were not complete. They took it back to selling dealer,several repair shops and finally to a Ford dealer who replaced the ECM and ... Trouble codes: P1000 (Reddiness monitors incomplete)	View
	2001 Ford Escort SE 2.0L fluid VIN: 3FAFP13PX1 Hi My customer plans to leave two cars (this one, and a 2006 Honda CRV) stored for six months. She wants to know if there are any specifications for doing that. I can't find any reference in alldata, and my local Ford dealer had no authorative information, so ...	View
	2002 Ford E-350 Econoline 6.8L Cuts out VIN: IFDWE35S22 This van will cut out normally under accel when this happens the check engine lite will flash as being shorted,speedo drops to 0, air bag lite flashes.With scanner connected as this happens it show no data & rpm drops,fuel pressure normal.No codes set.We have ... Trouble codes: P0460, P1000	View
	2002 Ford Taurus LX 3.0L No Start, NO SPARK VIN: 1FAFP55S02 this vehicle was towed in today with a no start condition. customer stated that vehicle ran rough yesterday then ran this morning but died while driveing. there is no spark. scoped crank & cam and they look good both @ sensor & pcm. there is no signal from pcm...	View
	2005 Ford F-150 XL 5.4L vacum actuated hub VIN: 1FTPW14455 vehicle came in with a clicking noise when driving down road, caliper and rotor found when engine running the hub dose not separate from the drive axle as the only testing info i found says it should. Im currently unable to find any good info for testing on al...	View
	2001 GMC Yukon SLE 5.3L whistleing noise VIN: 1GKEC13T51 The customer brought the car in complaining of a whistleing noise when accelerating. After checking found the noise is coming from intake area. she stated that the noise started after she had the water pump replaced at the GMC dealer. So I replace the electron...	View
	2000 Honda Civic DX 1.6L MIL Lamp on VIN: 2HGEJ6618Y The vehicle now has returned approximately 500 miles later with a speedo inop again. I have separated out the harness to the speedometer, the computer and the VSS at the splice pack behind the glove box. Tested each for a short to ground, all check OK. I have ... Trouble codes: 501 (Vehicle speed sensor or circuit problem)	View
	2000 Isuzu Rodeo LS 3.2L Poor Idle Quality, Cuts out, Misfire, MIL Lamp on, no powerleft side VIN: 4S2CK58W7Y after we put together truck died out then acted like the broken cover made the belt jump so i took it back apart and the belt is still in time we have code po300 and p1312 which is an ion control module this truck has fuel spark andcompression but is fouling o... Trouble codes: P0300, P1312	View
	1995 Jeep Cherokee Country 4.0L cooling system VIN: 1J4FJ78SXS The jeep was taken to another shop for an overheat condition.The radiator and upper/lower hoses replaced.Still overheated.Diagnosed as a blown headgasket.After head was removed they were told the block was cracked.Customer brought the vehicle here and requeste...	View
	2003 Land Rover Freelander SE 2.5L long crank VIN: SALNY222X3 Hi folks, I have this freelander with a 2.5l that on rare occasion has a long cranking time (approx 5 seconds) but other than that it seems to run well. I have little to no info available on this truck from MOD and IATN archives so I am looking for direction i... Trouble codes: P1471, P1472	View
	1996 Mazda 626 LX 2.5L Surge, MIL Lamp on VIN: 1YVGE22D5T Hello techs. We installed a used engine in this Mazda and have has a surging problem at highway speeds ever since and the check engine light comes on. We pulled 3 codes: 1173,1195,1402. Using Alldata and a scanner we determined that the egr valve & boost senso... Trouble codes: 1173 (1195 -), 1195 (1402 -), 1402	View
	1999 Mercedes-Benz E320 3.2L No Start VIN: WDBJF65H6X customer complains engine wont start- cranks over fine- recently replaced ignition switch module because intermittent no crank with das theft signal- with 2 new keys also- rechecked system- no codes in any modules except bas - c1205 can communication for brake...	View
	1995 Nissan 300ZX Turbo 3.0L Hesitation, Cuts out VIN: JN1RZ24D6S customer complained of a slight hesitation after car warms up, under light to moderate acceleration. stated that when cold, car runs great. we test drove the car and found he was correct. when we reached normal operating temp. the car simply looses power and w... Trouble codes: 34 (knock sensor circuit code)	View
	1998 Nissan Altima GLE 2.4L MIL Lamp on VIN: 1N4DL01DXW Can someone convert these 2 codes to OBDII type codes. My Genysis can only read the generic codes and Mitchell only lists the OBDII codes. The car has 2 connectors. The OBDII connector and the other connector behind the fuse panel is the one I get the codes fr... Trouble codes: 75 (unknown), 34 (unknown)	View
	2001 Nissan Pathfinder LE 3.5L MIL Lamp on VIN: JN8DR07Y01 This customer came in yesterday and said he failed NJ state inspection for a check engine light being on. The code reported by the inspection agency was P1140. We checked it out and reviewed the posts on this subject on iATN. We performed an engine oil flush a... Trouble codes: P1140 (Cam Sensor VTC Sensor)	View
	1998 Oldsmobile Aurora 4.0L Headlights VIN: 1G3GR62C6W I noticed my wifes Aurora headlights flickering as the car was parked with keys out of the ignition. The car had been parked for 5 days and had not been started. It was the first hot day of the year. I opened the drivers door to have a look and heard a relay t...	View
	1999 Pontiac Sunfire SE 2.2L a/c system VIN: 3G2JB5249X no a/c opperation ,pressure is good, jump relay and compressor works and gets cold, computer is not grounding relay to turn system on, all controls are working. Tested wiring for computer etc , all good , test grounds and powers , all good, test high pressure ...	View
	1996 Subaru Impreza Outback 2.2L abs VIN: JF1GF4853T I do not normaly work on Subaru's Got stuck with this one. When the ABS light is out the vehicle will activate ABS under moderate to heavy pedal with all wheels turning. Have been able to get ABS light to come on three different times and have been unable to ...	View
	1985 Toyota Corolla DLX 1.6L Hesitation, Surge VIN: JT2AE82E3F i am in need of techs that know how the fuel mixture control system on this toyota works and what type of signal the computer sends to the (ebcv) and how to measure it with a lab scope (ie) duty cycle, pulse width, and what should i see with a rich condition v...	View
	1993 Volkswagen Passat GLS 2.8L After run coolant pump, cooling fan VIN: WVWJF4316R The vehicle is back with an overheat condition and the customer noticed he could not hear the after run pump running. And he is correct, the electric pump is not running and the fan is not coming on when the engine gets hot. I can power up both with my power p...	View
	1997 Volkswagen Cabrio High Line 2.0L Clutch cable VIN: 3VWBA81E9V HELP! I am trying to replace the clutch cable on this car. My book says the cable loops on top of the pedal. I cannot get the cable disconnnected from the top of the pedal. I have it disconnected from the fork at the transmission Furthermore, I can hardly get ...	View
	2000 Volkswagen Beetle GLS 1.8L Oher Heating VIN: 3VWCD21C4Y This 2000 1.8 Turbo Bug came in overheating.I started testing and replacing the thermstat. Then checking this vehicle for head gasket failure using blue block check liquid. It would stay royal blue until scanner showed 210 deg F, (no temp guage in car, sensors...	View
	2002 Volkswagen Jetta GLS 1.8L temp light VIN: 3VWSE69MX2 Hey guys, I need a quick hand with this one. What happens is that when you first start it up in the morning, the red temp indicator on the instrument cluster flashes. It will flash until the car is shut off and restarted, at which point it goes off and stays o...	View

Fixes & Summaries for All Makes and Models

	Fix/Summary	Answers
	1995 Acura Legend LS 3.2L Flywheel VIN: JH4KA8176S I got a new flywheel and the specs on the new one are less than 1/8 in. The old one had a 3/4 in play and very sloppy. Thanks	2
	1999 Buick Regal GS 3.8L Stall VIN: 2G4WF5212X This vehicle has been gone for a few weeks now Ill assume its fixed ! Since many suggested a bad crank sensor I scoped it out looked good and road tested some more but it wouldnt act up again for me so I took a swag at a crank sensor I drove 60 miles after and...	13
	1997 Cadillac DeVille 4.6L No Start VIN: 1G6KD52Y6V thanks to everyone who replied especially dan [...]. i had not unplugged the radio from the data circuit. he said that it was common in his experience that the radio goes bad and shorts the data circuit. i was skeptical because the radio would play. however w...	5
	2000 Cadillac DeVille 4.6L Brake light switch VIN: 1G6KD54YXY Thanks for all the replies. This customer has not yet returned with the vehicle. Also, we do not possess a Tech 2.	6
	1997 Chevrolet Express 1500 5.7L driver power window VIN: 1GNFG15R6V Thank you for all the input. To get the vehicle not to stick in autodown, a new power and ground supply need to be ran to the switch relayed from the battery. Simply running parallel wires did not fix the problem.	4
	2000 Chevrolet Venture 3.4L MIL Lamp on VIN: 1GNDU03EXY This morning I replaced the camshaft sensor without removing the manifold. I took out the high pressure line only form the power steering pump. While rocking the pump and lift up rearside first, I could remove the power steering pump. Thank you everybody. Espe...	3
	2001 Chevrolet Tahoe 5.3L Rear wiper motor VIN: 1GNEK13T91 Forgot to mention we did test and bypass latch switch. Since the vehicle was in we tested one of the new motors on another vehicle and it works fine. We've logged all of the voltages at the connector on the working vehicle. Customer lives a ways away and doesn...	6
	2004 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 4.3L major leak VIN: 1GCEC14X64 This was second time on this vehicle. Alot of the same responses due to a common problem with the injectors and housings cracking due to unknown reasons. Sad part is i built in my own failure the bracket that holds the injectors from the bottom will fit BOTH w...	4
	1997 Chrysler LHS 3.5L l/r shift sol VIN: 2C3H056F6V After replacing every possible part at least twice, the vehicle is up and running. Installed a new case.	7
	2000 Chrysler Concorde LX 2.7L cyl #1, #4, #6 VIN: 2C3HD46R1Y Apparently the PCM was sensing that this engine was not timed correctly. When I pulled it back apart I closely examined the sensor wheel & it had a small dented place by 1 of the slots. I replaced this gear with an OEM part and all seems to be OK now. Most of ...	12
	2002 Dodge Intrepid SE 2.7L Poor Idle Quality, Misfire, MIL Lamp on VIN: 2B3HD46RX2 Thank you all for your help fixing this one!! So far the car has been gone for a couple of days with no more problems!! We replaced both upstream o2 sensors with OE units and replaced the cam sensor due to the code it had previously. Customer called to let us ... Trouble codes: P0340 (cmp sensor ckt), P0152 (2/1 o2 sensor voltage high), P0132 (1/1 o2 sensor voltage high), P0300 (multiple cylinder misfire).	9
	2002 Dodge Ram 2500 5.9L Stall, Poor Fuel Economy VIN: 1B7KF2367W replaced injection pump all is good. Thank you for the help Trouble codes: P0216.	5
	2002 Dodge Neon ES 2.0L No Start Hi all and thanks for the replies. The Neon is up and running. After doing a little investigation and pumping my friend for more information, I found out that after he replaced the first PCM he then replaced the cam sensor. I took a closer look at the cam sens...	3
	2003 Dodge Grand Caravan EX 3.8L Misfire VIN: 2D8GP74L13 thanks to all that shared their ideas with me. there were a couple of people that told me different ways to test drivers, most of the ideas i got, we had already tried. one of my guys finally pulled the valve cover to check lift & noticed one of the valves for... Trouble codes: P0303 (misfire 3 cyl), P0306 (misfire 6 cyl).	8
	1999 Ford Explorer XL 4.0L trans solenoid failure VIN: 1FMZU72E5X it took me a long time to find the problem but it ended up being a pushed out pin in the underhood fuse box. the fuse checked good but the end that went to everything wasnt geeting the power. thanks for all the help with this nightmare!!!	11
	2000 Ford Explorer XLS 4.0L spark plug VIN: 1FMDU71XX4 overwhelming number of people said they have had bad luck with the Bosch plugs. I will monitor with a different make plug. Thanks for all the insight. It is very much appreciated. Brian	29
	2002 Ford Thunderbird 3.9L Hesitation VIN: 1FAHP60A02 cleaned maf as many suggested .car runs good aftrward.what is confusing me is fuel pressure is still below spec.i guess my info was wrong. it was mitchell i looked at.oh well all is well. Trouble codes: P0300, P0316, P1131, P1151.	10
	2003 Ford Ranger XL 2.3L speedometer VIN: FTYR10D53P thank you for the quick replies. It turns out that someone had removed the 30 amp fuse for the circuit and then replaced it in the wrong spot on the fuse panel. We relocated it to the proper spot and presto! Thanks again!	2
	1996 GMC K1500 Sierra SL 5.7L Surge VIN: 1GTEK19R6T The replys were great and man did I get alot of good information.Most said the the following look at timing,look at atf, look at cap, rotor, the fix was to correct the engine timing and retest drove. Thanks Mark Trouble codes: P0141.	14
	2000 Jeep Grand Cherokee Laredo 4.7L Poor Idle Quality, Hesitation, Cuts out, Stall, Misfire, Poor Fuel Economy, MIL Lamp on VIN: 1J4GW48N0Y First I got to thank Richard, [...],Art and Carl were right on the tps. Got the Jeep back in first of the week and pulled new co... Trouble codes: P0202, P0201, P0207, P0208, P0204.	5
	2001 Mazda Millenia 2.5L Poor Idle Quality VIN: JH1TA22161 This was weird one still dont see how cleaning the egr ports caused the problem we use a nocaustic solution! but we tried cleaning the throttle plates and we even reset the base idle was no help at all . Last resort was replacing the IAC this seemed to fix it ...	6
	1998 Mercury Sable LS 3.0L digital trans range sensor VIN: 1MEFM55U9W I got a Ford trans. range sensor crossed from the number off the old one and this fixed the problem. Thanks for the replies	5
	1999 Mitsubishi Lancer 1.6L 3-4 shift VIN: JMBLRCB4WW Hi group. I try with other solenoid kit from a vehicle that works good. Fix the problem. The trouble with originals solenoids was in pressure control solenoid. I don´t understand well way there isn´t 4th gear. I replace the solenoids kit with new one and the v...	4
	2002 Nissan Pathfinder SE 3.5L MIL Lamp on VIN: JN8DR09Y82 have had some sugestions, thank you, check tail lamp harness, ok vehicle has not been available for further inspection Trouble codes: P1706 (pnp switch position).	3
	2002 Oldsmobile Alero GL 2.2L Excessive Emissions, Poor Idle Quality, Hesitation, Misfire VIN: 1G3NL52F62 Thanks for the replies, Jonny from Califonia was the closest with the coil housing idea. I think most replies did not realize that the coils & housing are an assembly on this vehicle and at one time GM serviced the whole assembly with a module as part of repla...	8
	1996 Plymouth Grand Voyager SE 3.3L lifters VIN: 2P4GP44R5T installed a new motor!!, I was spending too much time and monet so i picked up a motor for 250 and called it a day. Thanks to all who helped	17
	2001 Plymouth Neon High Line 2.0L No Start VIN: 1P3AS46C31 I thought the engine computer was bad. The customer took it to the dealer and got it replaced for free. Working fine now.	5
	2000 Subaru Legacy L 2.5L Misfire VIN: 4S3BH6355Y The car ended up needing a right side head gasket. It would leak antifreeze in after shut of and cause a brief misfire. The car was covered under a recall for external head gasket leaks, so the customer was happy too. Hopefully they checked the valve guides wh...	8
	2004 Subaru Forester XT 2.5L datalink connector VIN: JF1SG69684 Thanks to everyone who sent replies i was unable to communicate with the vehicle. I did try the can adaptor and going in through global and was still unable to communicate. The customer took the vehicle to the subaru dealer and they had no problem communicatin...	4
	1986 Toyota Corolla LE 1.6L Hesitation, Surge, Cuts out, Stall VIN: JT2AE83E0G sorry every body i hate to do this but i have to close this post. alot of you who replied sugested to a modify the carb jets to cure the problem, some sugested that it was a ign problem or dist. well what i found is that the vehicle is or seems to be lean caus...	14
	1999 Volkswagen Cabrio 2.0L Poor Idle Quality, Hesitation thanks to all who help. two things the brake switch was stuck on, disable the throttle, mas was repl due to poor idle. also full tune up	9
	1999 Volvo S70 2.4L rear brakes VIN: YV1LS55A7X we fixed the problem, by replacing the rear calipers and bleeding the system. thanks for all the help. -tommy	13

(Also Available: All, Asian, Chrysler, European, Ford, GM.)